Food for Chickens, Poison for Man
A widespread farming practice is adding arsenic to the food chain.
Melinda Wenner • September 20, 2006
![[CREDIT: USDA]](https://scienceline.org/wp-content/uploads/2006/09/chicken1-crop.jpg)
[CREDIT: USDA]
This debate isn’t so cut and dried, however, because arsenic exists in both organic and inorganic forms, and experts disagree about the relative toxicity of the two.
According to the FDA, which monitors the use of drugs in animal feed, organic forms of arsenic like roxarsone, which are bound to carbon and hydrogen, are “not considered to be carcinogens and are considerably less toxic than inorganic forms of arsenic,” writes agency spokesperson Michael Herndon in an e-mail.
But the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, states that “almost no information is available on the effects of organic arsenic compounds in humans.” ATSDR also says that high doses of organic arsenic can produce some of the same effects as inorganic forms.
And although roxarsone starts as an organic molecule, it doesn’t stay that way. When a chicken eats feed containing roxarsone, most of it—about 150 milligrams over a chicken’s lifetime—is excreted unchanged in the chicken’s waste. After 30 days, the excreted roxarsone naturally converts into other forms of arsenic, including highly toxic inorganic forms like arsenite, according to a study published this year in Environmental Science & Technology.
Inorganic forms of arsenic, which are bound to oxygen, chlorine or sulfur, are therefore present in poultry manure. “This waste is then spread on fields near poultry farms,” writes Ellen Silbergeld, a professor of environmental health sciences at Johns Hopkins University, in an e-mail. “The poultry industry is processing and selling poultry waste as garden fertilizer for consumers to use in home gardens and lawns.”
According to chemist John Garbarino, a co-author of the study in Environmental Science & Technology, the arsenite present in manure and fertilizer binds poorly to soil particles, making it highly mobile in the environment such that it can easily contaminate nearby lakes and streams. Arsenite “is considered to be one of the more toxic arsenic species,” he writes in an e-mail.
Roxarsone meets the FDA’s criteria for approval because it has been shown to be safe for chickens. The compound also meets the guidelines of the USDA, the agency that monitors food safety, because roxarsone residues in chicken tissue don’t exceed the agency’s safety levels. However, roxarsone’s potential downstream effects are not being addressed by either agency. And the agency responsible for regulating roxarsone’s byproducts in drinking water—the EPA—has no jurisdiction over roxarsone’s use in chicken feed.
Richard Lobb, director of communications for the National Chicken Council—a non-profit organization representing poultry producers and distributors—argues that toxic forms of arsenic occur naturally in the environment and that the additional levels from the use of arsenic in poultry feed “are just so small” that they are most likely not a problem.
“Arsenic is just there, it is elemental, it is in the rock in many, many areas and it just occurs naturally,” he says.
The amount of arsenic released into the environment via poultry manure is approximately 250 to 350 metric tons per year, according to several recent peer-reviewed studies. This can be compared to natural releases of arsenic, mostly from volcanoes, which the EPA estimates are in the range of 2,800 to 8,000 metric tons per year. There are also other ways that arsenic gets into the environment, including metal smelting and coal burning, but the exact amount released from these other sources is unclear.
How much of the “extra” arsenic entering the environment via feed is contaminating drinking water? No one seems to know for sure. “We do not know enough about this,” writes Silbergeld in an e-mail. “In some parts of the U.S., naturally occurring sources of arsenic [like those found in rocks] are a very important source of arsenic in ground water. In other areas, disposal of poultry waste may be the most important.”
According to Brian Fairchild, a poultry scientist at the University of Georgia, the best way to clearly determine roxarsone’s downstream effects is to improve the technology used in the research. While some studies have been published on roxarsone’s effects on soil, “there’s no consistent data,” he says. If the scientists studying it today “are using the same old techniques that have been used for the past 10 years, I don’t think we’re going to get any closer to the answer than we were five years ago.”
Lobb agrees that more—and better—studies would be helpful. “I think this area really cries out for some more objective research, and I hope somebody will supply that one of these days,” he says. “But the reason that no one is doing it, I guess, is because there does not seem to be a problem here.”
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About the Author
Melinda Wenner
Melinda Wenner gave up a much higher salary, a BMW and a comfortable life in the British suburbs in order to write for Scienceline. She is willing to trade her knowledge of molecular biology (and perhaps her list of sources) for a well-poured pint of Carling. Contact her at whathaveidone@hotmail.com.
41 Comments
Thank you, Melinda, for exposing this issue. It’s important for Joe Q. Public to realize the crap that is put into the food chain by the big agri-corporations, that no one- especially those who grow animals for them- can seeingly do anything to stop. In the name of saving money or getting more out of each bird, they will do whatever they feel it takes… and ignore any health or environmental problems their actions may cause.
Melinda, the broilers group cannot afford to support what you are saying because of possibly being frowned upon by the integrator, or at least that is the perception. Aside from the sensationist beginning, we have to sell papers don’t we? :-), I thought the the article was good and should be helpful to growers in the long run. Thanks for your time.
Gene
Thank you for highlighting this important problem.
I did want to clarify one minor point: Our March 2006 study where we tested fast food and retail chicken for arsenic was, in fact, reviewed for accuracy by independent scientists. They are acknowledged. We just did not publish the study in a scientific journal, opting to publish it ourselves to get the information out more quickly.
Hi David,
Thanks for clarifying that point, and I apologize for the mistake.
Great story. Obviously well-researched. I think I’ll now stick with tuna ;)
Nasty stuff! I’m eating arsenic??? Thanks for informing me. I’m sticking with alternative sources of protein now: fish, beans, nuts…
Hey- don’t punish the growers by not buying chicken. They already have it hard enough!
Write, call, or email the big companies such as Sanderson Farms, Tyson, and Pilgrim’s Pride and demand a less hazardous to your health product. Even if you don’t eat these birds, the arsenic is still finding it’s way into our environment.
And while you’re telling the bigcompanies you don’t want arsenic, ask them to pay farmers enough so the producers can afford to properly transport litter out of the Illinois River Basin. See http://www.illinoisriver.org
In 2002, a peer-reviewed study documented high levels of arsenic in 6 of 10 autistic patients compared to controls. (1) Toxic metals have no place as food additives or as “fertilizer”.
Teresa Binstock
Researcher in Developmental & Behavioral Neuroanatomy
1. Lonsdale D et al. Treatment of autism spectrum children with thiamine tetrahydrofurfuryl disulfide: a pilot study. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2002 Aug;23(4):303-8.
Never in the history of this nation has an industry been more in need of government regualtion! The competition is such that even concerned integrators cannot make the neccesary improvements!
Rather than giving up eating chicken, it is a better idea to purchase organically grown chicken from a local farmer. I rarely shop at the “regular” grocery store now, opting to raise some of my family’s food, shop at a small organic grocery, order once a month from a buying club, and purchase food directly from farmers in my county. It takes some planning, but we are eating very well and we are very healthy and thrilled with the quality of the food.
Thanks for your comments Kimberly. Rather than not eating chicken, support organic producers. My family does the same. Sends two messages. it supports people who are doing it right now, and forces the other producers to look at their practices if they are losing sales.
In previous years, I purchased free range chicken from the health food stores I frequent. Rarely can I buy organic chickens. I noticed the fat is a different color than the fat from conventional growers, and could not find anything about whether or not poultry contained arsenic. However, whenever I eat poultry, regardless of the source, the neuropathy in my fingers worsens.
While I cannot prove what I say, I believe it is from the allowable arsenic that the U.S. FDA allows farmers to give poultry (and other animals) to treat for parasites.
While visiting China in 2005, I learned that the Chinese do not give poultry arsenic. If that were the case, why did my fingers hurt everywhere I went and regardless of what I consumed?
I suspect the reason was that everywhere in China, the people and industries burn coal. The people use coal briquets for cooking and heating their homes. The air, soils, water, and groundwater, as well as the seafood, is not only contaminated with arsenic from the burning of coal, trash, agricultural wastes –but mercury and other toxic metals and chemicals prevail everywhere, even along the Great China wall.
I’ve basically stopped consuming most meat, choosing to eat low on the food chain, instead. Although, arsenic may not bioaccumulate like mercury, it is wide spread in our environment and the environment of other countries due to the burning of fossil fuels.
The Hazardous Substances Data Bank at Toxnet, while alterted by the once regulated community by way of the Bush Administration, says:
The U.S. FDA Requirements:
Tolerances for total residues of combined arsenic (calculated as As) in food are established as follows: (a) In edible tissues & in eggs of chickens & turkeys: 0.5 ppm in uncooked muscle tissue; 2 ppm in uncooked edible by-products; & 0.5 ppm in eggs. (b) In edible tissues of swine: 2 ppm in uncooked liver & kidney; 0.5 ppm in uncooked muscle tissue & by-products other than liver & kidney. /Arsenic/
[21 CFR 556.60 (4/1/2001)]**PEER REVIEWED**
The levels of arsenic in our drinking water are out dated and President Bush has given only lipservice about strengthening them. He through various affected industries have dismantled the studies at the Mid-West library of the US EPA. Studies that once set regulations to better protect public health. And, through those who fund the campaigns of the Greedy Ole Party, he has all but eliminated the Environmental Protection Agency.
The U.S. EPA is flying blind in trying to protect public health or the environment. Even the chemical industries which manufacture chemical warfare agricultural pesticides and other toxic chemicals, are regulating themselves. There is no environmental protection in the U.S.A. any longer.
I completely agree that organic chicken is much better than commercially grown, but once again- even if we don’t eat arsenic laced chicken grown by a mainstream producer, the arsenic levels will continue to filter out into the environment as the arsenic filled by-products (poop, bedding, excreted feed, etc) are spread on the fields or wash into water supplies. We are STILL eating the stuff, just not directly.
We need to get the big companies to stop using arsenic. They stopped using certain antibiotics and hormones, and sure can stop this as well.
Don’t forget that the growers can not do anything to stop this. They are only allowed to do as the company tells them to.
Reading about how arsenic can contaminate the drinking water makes me think of what else could be sneaking into my body by what I drink or eat.
I’m very happy I now have “Poland Spring” water delivered to my house. I also am considering going vegan. Especially after what I read on Peta.com
To RockMonkey, who said s/he’d stick to tuna….
Don’t do that. There’s load of mercury in tuna. Especially certain kinds.
You can read about it in my article for Mothering Magazine, here.
That’s true, Jennifer, I had forgotten about that. Thanks for link! And let’s not forget PCBs, which can build up in the fat of some fish.
This is an amazing site! I love this site! The colors are just amazing! rock on
I think this is a really cool website, but I am interested to know the biasis of the writers and of the website. p.s. t.v. rox my sox
hey! yes i’d like to shout out to all arsenic fans! you know who you are…haha
ahh yes the oc arsenic fans— my dissertation on the subject is quite tedious. and may i add that M=DV
ode to arsenic
i see you in my meat
you are so very tough
if i fought you i’d get beat
life is rough
don’t get arsanic!
sometimes when i am lying in bed
the word aresnic pops in my head
i get so very sick and scared
it drops into my great nightmares
ya im just not feeling it
im bored
Okay, there’s mad cow in the beef, mercury in the fish, E. Coli in the veggies and pesticides in the fruit. And now there’s arsenic in the chicken! You might as well not eat anything if you don’t want to take risks.
bra brabra
BABIES!
i can fly i can fly tv!!!!!!! i levitated off the chair
Hi
Arsenic was also in pressure treated lumber that is used for many kids playgrounds. My daughter was mercury poisoned by receiving 3 adult flu shots as an infant (in 8 weeks)..and 2 of the 3 were adult doses. She received 25 times higher dose of ethylmercury than the EPA max for her weight on 2 of the 3 occasions..one occasion was 12.5 times higher. After the 3rd flu shot she wouldn’t resond to her name (within hours), lost her speech, lost her eye contact etc..
It took her 9 months to start talking again. No one told us about chelation..six months after her heavy metal toxicity we used mild, all natural chelation under MD supervision. Surprisingly..her hair analysis (shows what metals are being excreted) was high for arsenic as well as mercury. We stopped playing on pressure treated lumber playgrounds. Our well water was under the standard for arsenic. Maybe she was getting some from chicken..though we are pretty consistent about only buying organic produce and meats. Thanks for bringing this to our attention. I don’t trust the EPA, CDC or FDA after what happened to our daughter..I am sure the additive to the feed containing arsenic is used because it is a cheap way to prevent the parasite..there must be a better way. Thanks..
This is exactly why I prefer Canine over chicken meat. And it tastes like chicken!!!!
Opps!!! I meant fish.
so if they’re feeding chickens Roxarsone to get rid of parasites and to make the chickens grow bigger, and then we’re eating them with traces of Roxarsone in them, could that possibly be one of the reasons why people are getting fatter?? would it not effect us in the same way?
It is so disgusting that these horrible things are happening to our environment that suplies us
food. Iw stop eating a lot of meat I wonder how that would affec the meat industry.. We all should become veggans. How do you like them cherries?
For the person who wrote that they will stick with eating tuna, recently it was suggested that one eats no more than two servings per month due to such high levels of mercury found in tuna. What is safe to eat today?
That is why I went veggan a long time ago! The mad cow was enough for me!
..i raise chickens I notice last week when I read the ingredients for chick starter feed I noticed that one of the ingredients was poultry by products! Whew!! I’m feeding my baby chicks dead chickens! shades of mad chicken…..but I will be looking into this arsnic additive.
will my chickens eat my blueberry fruit?
I have always loved chicken but in 1993 I developed a bad case of chronic migraines. I went to doctor after doctor only to be given higher and higher doses of medications and soon became a zombie. After 14 years of suffering from headaches, nausea and flu like symptoms a friend came to me and took everything out of my diet including chicken. We slowly added foods into my diet and found that I can’t eat chicken or eggs. I have been migraine/headache free for the last 2 years except for a few times when eggs were in a product that I missed or forgot to read on the label. I am not sure what has happened to the chicken or the egg, but I can no longer eat them without becoming seriously ill. I am not writing this to frighten people in any way, I just wonder how many people out there suffer from the same symptoms and have not connected it to eating chickens and their eggs.
MUSHROOMS CAN CONVERT TOXIC MATERIALS INTO NON TOXIC ONES
http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=%22mushrooms+that+convert+toxic+material%22&btnG=Google+Search&aq=f&oq=&aqi=