Food for Chickens, Poison for Man
A widespread farming practice is adding arsenic to the food chain.
Melinda Wenner • September 20, 2006
![[CREDIT: USDA]](https://scienceline.org/wp-content/uploads/2006/09/chicken1-crop.jpg)
[CREDIT: USDA]
In addition to potentially contaminating drinking water, some of the arsenic ingested by a chicken remains in its liver and muscle tissue—and is later eaten by consumers. A study led by Wallinga at the IATP, which was not reviewed by independent experts, found that of 155 chicken products bought from Minnesota and California supermarkets in 2004 and 2005, more than half contained detectable levels of arsenic. An earlier study by the USDA found that on average, people eat from 1.4 to 5.24 micrograms of inorganic arsenic each day from chicken alone.
That amount again exceeds the EPA’s recommended daily levels for arsenic exposure. In order to have a lifetime cancer risk of less than one in 100,000, a person of average weight would need to ingest less than 0.469 micrograms of arsenic per day. Exposure to arsenic from eating chicken alone therefore is between three and 11 times the recommended safety level.
The USDA, however, has set its limits much higher, and the amount of arsenic in the chicken tested by the IATP does not exceed them. The USDA’s limit for arsenic in poultry breasts is 500 ppb; the highest level of arsenic found by the IATP study was 21.2 ppb in some Purdue boneless breasts. But the USDA does not regularly test chicken breasts, thighs or legs to ensure that they conform to these standards. It only tests chicken livers because arsenic is known to concentrate there.
Levels of arsenic also seem to vary consistently across chicken suppliers, so consumers can control the amount of arsenic they get from their chicken, at least to some degree. For instance, the IATP’s study found that Tyson chicken consistently tested low for arsenic, whereas Purdue was consistently at the high end. Organic chicken, which according to organic farming statutes cannot be fed roxarsone, also had low arsenic levels.
Lobb, from the National Chicken Council, argues that the IATP’s study had serious flaws because it did not control for the other ways in which the chickens could have been exposed to arsenic. “The water supply for the chicken house is typically well water,” he says. “So if you happen to have arsenic-containing rock that underlies the chicken production area, then they’re going to be getting it just through their water.”
Wallinga agrees that the study wasn’t designed as well as it could have been. He also wishes he could have tested more samples. But “It shouldn’t be up to Dr. David Wallinga to be monitoring the U.S. food supply for arsenic,” he says. “It should be up to the FDA. And if they’re not looking, they can’t answer these questions.”
These days, Gwen Cox is no longer contract farming for Pilgrim’s Pride—and she’s much happier for it. She still raises a dozen “pet” chickens and about two dozen cattle, but she insists on doing so without roxarsone. She has had no coccidia outbreaks, though she admits that backyard flocks like her own are much less susceptible to disease than contracted poultry raised in close quarters.
“When a bird can do as it wants, eat what it wants and have plenty of clean, fresh air as well as pure water and untainted feed, you’d be surprised how healthy and disease-free they remain,” she says.
Cox and her friend Katherine Ecker, who owns Legacy Manor, a free-range farm in Boonsboro, Maryland, blame coccidia outbreaks partially on stress and lack of space. “Chickens in the broiler houses by nature have a tendency to pick at the ground,” Ecker explains. In contract farms, the chickens are in very close quarters, and since coccidia are spread by manure, the chickens have a much higher chance of getting sick.
Ecker admits that she does occasionally have a coccidia outbreak, but when it occurs, she never uses roxarsone. She finds that amprolium, a compound that is significantly less toxic to humans, works as a comparable alternative.
The pharmaceutical company Schering-Plough has also recently developed several coccidia vaccines for chicks; Embrex, another company, has a new in ovo coccidia vaccine that is injected into the egg before the chick hatches. These vaccines may prevent coccidiosis from occurring in the first place.
With low-risk treatments readily available, why is roxarsone being used—and why is it still legal? Silbergeld of Johns Hopkins blames the FDA’s apparent reluctance to ban roxarsone on the influence of industry. “The major ‘pressure’ to keep drugs in animal feeds comes from the pharmaceutical industry, since over 60 percent of antibiotic production, and 100 percent of roxarsone production, is used for nonclinical ‘growth promoting’ purposes in animals,” she writes in an e-mail.
Wallinga points more of the blame directly at the regulatory agencies. They have not looked into the issue sufficiently, he says, so they have no reason to believe there is a problem.
Agency spokesperson Herndon, however, contends that the FDA is “continuing to track the environmental monitoring data being generated by EPA, United States Geological Service and others.”
But because farmers like Cox and Ecker—not to mention all European growers—successfully raise poultry without roxarsone, Wallinga sees no rational reason for the practice to continue until agencies can be sure that the practice is safe.
“Clearly it’s possible to produce chicken with no or little arsenic,” he says. “So why are all these other people still using it?”
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About the Author
Melinda Wenner
Melinda Wenner gave up a much higher salary, a BMW and a comfortable life in the British suburbs in order to write for Scienceline. She is willing to trade her knowledge of molecular biology (and perhaps her list of sources) for a well-poured pint of Carling. Contact her at whathaveidone@hotmail.com.
41 Comments
Thank you, Melinda, for exposing this issue. It’s important for Joe Q. Public to realize the crap that is put into the food chain by the big agri-corporations, that no one- especially those who grow animals for them- can seeingly do anything to stop. In the name of saving money or getting more out of each bird, they will do whatever they feel it takes… and ignore any health or environmental problems their actions may cause.
Melinda, the broilers group cannot afford to support what you are saying because of possibly being frowned upon by the integrator, or at least that is the perception. Aside from the sensationist beginning, we have to sell papers don’t we? :-), I thought the the article was good and should be helpful to growers in the long run. Thanks for your time.
Gene
Thank you for highlighting this important problem.
I did want to clarify one minor point: Our March 2006 study where we tested fast food and retail chicken for arsenic was, in fact, reviewed for accuracy by independent scientists. They are acknowledged. We just did not publish the study in a scientific journal, opting to publish it ourselves to get the information out more quickly.
Hi David,
Thanks for clarifying that point, and I apologize for the mistake.
Great story. Obviously well-researched. I think I’ll now stick with tuna ;)
Nasty stuff! I’m eating arsenic??? Thanks for informing me. I’m sticking with alternative sources of protein now: fish, beans, nuts…
Hey- don’t punish the growers by not buying chicken. They already have it hard enough!
Write, call, or email the big companies such as Sanderson Farms, Tyson, and Pilgrim’s Pride and demand a less hazardous to your health product. Even if you don’t eat these birds, the arsenic is still finding it’s way into our environment.
And while you’re telling the bigcompanies you don’t want arsenic, ask them to pay farmers enough so the producers can afford to properly transport litter out of the Illinois River Basin. See http://www.illinoisriver.org
In 2002, a peer-reviewed study documented high levels of arsenic in 6 of 10 autistic patients compared to controls. (1) Toxic metals have no place as food additives or as “fertilizer”.
Teresa Binstock
Researcher in Developmental & Behavioral Neuroanatomy
1. Lonsdale D et al. Treatment of autism spectrum children with thiamine tetrahydrofurfuryl disulfide: a pilot study. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2002 Aug;23(4):303-8.
Never in the history of this nation has an industry been more in need of government regualtion! The competition is such that even concerned integrators cannot make the neccesary improvements!
Rather than giving up eating chicken, it is a better idea to purchase organically grown chicken from a local farmer. I rarely shop at the “regular” grocery store now, opting to raise some of my family’s food, shop at a small organic grocery, order once a month from a buying club, and purchase food directly from farmers in my county. It takes some planning, but we are eating very well and we are very healthy and thrilled with the quality of the food.
Thanks for your comments Kimberly. Rather than not eating chicken, support organic producers. My family does the same. Sends two messages. it supports people who are doing it right now, and forces the other producers to look at their practices if they are losing sales.
In previous years, I purchased free range chicken from the health food stores I frequent. Rarely can I buy organic chickens. I noticed the fat is a different color than the fat from conventional growers, and could not find anything about whether or not poultry contained arsenic. However, whenever I eat poultry, regardless of the source, the neuropathy in my fingers worsens.
While I cannot prove what I say, I believe it is from the allowable arsenic that the U.S. FDA allows farmers to give poultry (and other animals) to treat for parasites.
While visiting China in 2005, I learned that the Chinese do not give poultry arsenic. If that were the case, why did my fingers hurt everywhere I went and regardless of what I consumed?
I suspect the reason was that everywhere in China, the people and industries burn coal. The people use coal briquets for cooking and heating their homes. The air, soils, water, and groundwater, as well as the seafood, is not only contaminated with arsenic from the burning of coal, trash, agricultural wastes –but mercury and other toxic metals and chemicals prevail everywhere, even along the Great China wall.
I’ve basically stopped consuming most meat, choosing to eat low on the food chain, instead. Although, arsenic may not bioaccumulate like mercury, it is wide spread in our environment and the environment of other countries due to the burning of fossil fuels.
The Hazardous Substances Data Bank at Toxnet, while alterted by the once regulated community by way of the Bush Administration, says:
The U.S. FDA Requirements:
Tolerances for total residues of combined arsenic (calculated as As) in food are established as follows: (a) In edible tissues & in eggs of chickens & turkeys: 0.5 ppm in uncooked muscle tissue; 2 ppm in uncooked edible by-products; & 0.5 ppm in eggs. (b) In edible tissues of swine: 2 ppm in uncooked liver & kidney; 0.5 ppm in uncooked muscle tissue & by-products other than liver & kidney. /Arsenic/
[21 CFR 556.60 (4/1/2001)]**PEER REVIEWED**
The levels of arsenic in our drinking water are out dated and President Bush has given only lipservice about strengthening them. He through various affected industries have dismantled the studies at the Mid-West library of the US EPA. Studies that once set regulations to better protect public health. And, through those who fund the campaigns of the Greedy Ole Party, he has all but eliminated the Environmental Protection Agency.
The U.S. EPA is flying blind in trying to protect public health or the environment. Even the chemical industries which manufacture chemical warfare agricultural pesticides and other toxic chemicals, are regulating themselves. There is no environmental protection in the U.S.A. any longer.
I completely agree that organic chicken is much better than commercially grown, but once again- even if we don’t eat arsenic laced chicken grown by a mainstream producer, the arsenic levels will continue to filter out into the environment as the arsenic filled by-products (poop, bedding, excreted feed, etc) are spread on the fields or wash into water supplies. We are STILL eating the stuff, just not directly.
We need to get the big companies to stop using arsenic. They stopped using certain antibiotics and hormones, and sure can stop this as well.
Don’t forget that the growers can not do anything to stop this. They are only allowed to do as the company tells them to.
Reading about how arsenic can contaminate the drinking water makes me think of what else could be sneaking into my body by what I drink or eat.
I’m very happy I now have “Poland Spring” water delivered to my house. I also am considering going vegan. Especially after what I read on Peta.com
To RockMonkey, who said s/he’d stick to tuna….
Don’t do that. There’s load of mercury in tuna. Especially certain kinds.
You can read about it in my article for Mothering Magazine, here.
That’s true, Jennifer, I had forgotten about that. Thanks for link! And let’s not forget PCBs, which can build up in the fat of some fish.
This is an amazing site! I love this site! The colors are just amazing! rock on
I think this is a really cool website, but I am interested to know the biasis of the writers and of the website. p.s. t.v. rox my sox
hey! yes i’d like to shout out to all arsenic fans! you know who you are…haha
ahh yes the oc arsenic fans— my dissertation on the subject is quite tedious. and may i add that M=DV
ode to arsenic
i see you in my meat
you are so very tough
if i fought you i’d get beat
life is rough
don’t get arsanic!
sometimes when i am lying in bed
the word aresnic pops in my head
i get so very sick and scared
it drops into my great nightmares
ya im just not feeling it
im bored
Okay, there’s mad cow in the beef, mercury in the fish, E. Coli in the veggies and pesticides in the fruit. And now there’s arsenic in the chicken! You might as well not eat anything if you don’t want to take risks.
bra brabra
BABIES!
i can fly i can fly tv!!!!!!! i levitated off the chair
Hi
Arsenic was also in pressure treated lumber that is used for many kids playgrounds. My daughter was mercury poisoned by receiving 3 adult flu shots as an infant (in 8 weeks)..and 2 of the 3 were adult doses. She received 25 times higher dose of ethylmercury than the EPA max for her weight on 2 of the 3 occasions..one occasion was 12.5 times higher. After the 3rd flu shot she wouldn’t resond to her name (within hours), lost her speech, lost her eye contact etc..
It took her 9 months to start talking again. No one told us about chelation..six months after her heavy metal toxicity we used mild, all natural chelation under MD supervision. Surprisingly..her hair analysis (shows what metals are being excreted) was high for arsenic as well as mercury. We stopped playing on pressure treated lumber playgrounds. Our well water was under the standard for arsenic. Maybe she was getting some from chicken..though we are pretty consistent about only buying organic produce and meats. Thanks for bringing this to our attention. I don’t trust the EPA, CDC or FDA after what happened to our daughter..I am sure the additive to the feed containing arsenic is used because it is a cheap way to prevent the parasite..there must be a better way. Thanks..
This is exactly why I prefer Canine over chicken meat. And it tastes like chicken!!!!
Opps!!! I meant fish.
so if they’re feeding chickens Roxarsone to get rid of parasites and to make the chickens grow bigger, and then we’re eating them with traces of Roxarsone in them, could that possibly be one of the reasons why people are getting fatter?? would it not effect us in the same way?
It is so disgusting that these horrible things are happening to our environment that suplies us
food. Iw stop eating a lot of meat I wonder how that would affec the meat industry.. We all should become veggans. How do you like them cherries?
For the person who wrote that they will stick with eating tuna, recently it was suggested that one eats no more than two servings per month due to such high levels of mercury found in tuna. What is safe to eat today?
That is why I went veggan a long time ago! The mad cow was enough for me!
..i raise chickens I notice last week when I read the ingredients for chick starter feed I noticed that one of the ingredients was poultry by products! Whew!! I’m feeding my baby chicks dead chickens! shades of mad chicken…..but I will be looking into this arsnic additive.
will my chickens eat my blueberry fruit?
I have always loved chicken but in 1993 I developed a bad case of chronic migraines. I went to doctor after doctor only to be given higher and higher doses of medications and soon became a zombie. After 14 years of suffering from headaches, nausea and flu like symptoms a friend came to me and took everything out of my diet including chicken. We slowly added foods into my diet and found that I can’t eat chicken or eggs. I have been migraine/headache free for the last 2 years except for a few times when eggs were in a product that I missed or forgot to read on the label. I am not sure what has happened to the chicken or the egg, but I can no longer eat them without becoming seriously ill. I am not writing this to frighten people in any way, I just wonder how many people out there suffer from the same symptoms and have not connected it to eating chickens and their eggs.
MUSHROOMS CAN CONVERT TOXIC MATERIALS INTO NON TOXIC ONES
http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=%22mushrooms+that+convert+toxic+material%22&btnG=Google+Search&aq=f&oq=&aqi=